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In civil litigation, the examination of witnesses is crucial for the adjudication of disputes. However, circumstances may arise where a witness cannot appear in court.

Order XXVI Rule 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) empowers Indian courts to appoint commissions for local investigations when necessary to elucidate matters

Order XXV of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, empowers Indian courts to mandate plaintiffs to furnish security for costs under specific circumstances. This provision