Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Mains Previous Year Questions (Subjective)
Topic-wise descriptive previous-year questions concerning the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, drawn from 21 identified mains papers across 6 states or jurisdictions (2008–2024). Each question includes examination attribution and its source link. The collection is an explicitly partial, verified research release, not a claim of nationwide completeness.
Scope and source verification
The compilation collects subjective, descriptive questions asked under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. It includes judicial service and higher judiciary examination papers. Questions are grouped by topic and subtopic rather than by state.
Each entry has an original examination attribution, year, question number, marks where confirmed, and a clickable paper. Grade A denotes an official original or issuing-authority paper; Grade B identifies an attributable third-party reproduction. All questions are presented as faithful editorial paraphrases, not certified verbatim transcripts.
Historical-law notice: The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 was replaced for applicable proceedings by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, with effect from 1 July 2024. Historical questions retain their original IEA framing.
No model answers or solutions appear in this collection.
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Foundations and relevance
Facts in issue, relevant facts and proof · 6 documented question occurrences
Res gestae 1
Explain the rule of res gestae. After hearing that C has been murdered, A reaches the scene and four persons carrying C’s body say that B killed C and ran away. Are their statements part of the same transaction?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2015 · Law / Evidence paper · Q8(a)-(b) · 6+4 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Motive and state of mind 1
When does a person’s state of mind become relevant? In a trial for murdering woman X, may evidence that the accused murdered his wife Y two years earlier be admitted to establish intention?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2015 · Law / Evidence paper · Q9(a)-(b) · 6+4 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Facts in issue and relevant facts 1
Explain the rule governing evidence of facts in issue and relevant facts under Section 5.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2019 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Fact, fact in issue and relevant fact 1
Write a short note on facts, facts in issue, and relevant facts.
Karnataka Civil Judge · 2023 · Law Paper I (Part III) · Q8(a), option · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Nature of evidence law 1
Define “evidence”. Discuss how the law of evidence relates to substantive and procedural law.
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q8(a) · 10 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Conduct after an accusation 1
A is suspected of robbing B. In A’s presence, C says that the police are searching for B’s robber, immediately after which A runs away. Is A’s conduct relevant?
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q10(b) · 10 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Admissions and confessions
Admissions, confessions and discovery · 13 documented question occurrences
Admissions and contents of documents 1
Define an admission. In what circumstances are oral admissions concerning the contents of documents relevant?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2008 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Discovery under Section 27 2
To what extent can information furnished by an accused person in police custody be proved?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2013 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Discuss the meaning and scope of “discovery” under Section 27 of the Evidence Act, referring to cases.
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q7(D) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Statements to police 1
Discuss the evidentiary value of statements made to a police officer during an investigation.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2019 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Admissions versus confessions 1
Distinguish an admission from a confession. Is an admission substantive evidence?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2021 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Police custody and discovery 1
Explain the admissibility of confessions made in police custody, with special reference to Section 27 and decided cases.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2021 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Fact discovered under Section 27 1
Explain the difference between discovering a fact and discovering an object under Section 27. Refer to judicial decisions.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2022 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1, first option · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Extra-judicial confessions 1
Discuss the evidentiary value of an extra-judicial confession.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2022 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3, first option · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Confessions during police custody 1
In what circumstances, if any, can a confession made by a person in police custody be proved?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 6 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Extra-judicial confession in homicide 1
In a homicide prosecution involving an accused’s statement to persons at the scene after an alleged spade attack, evaluate whether the statement is admissible and its evidentiary weight.
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-III Q15 (relevant part) · 30 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Statements by third parties 1
Under what conditions can a third party’s statement constitute an admission?
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q4(D) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Confession against co-accused 1
A and B are arrested in different compartments of a moving train for theft. At a railway police station, A confesses in the presence of a judicial magistrate and implicates B. Examine the relevance and admissibility of that statement against A and against B.
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q8(C) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Admission by silence 1
Explain how silence may, in certain circumstances, amount to an admission.
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q10(a) · 10 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Statements and hearsay
Statements, dying declarations and hearsay · 7 documented question occurrences
Evidence given in prior proceedings 1
Under what conditions may testimony recorded in an earlier judicial proceeding be used in subsequent proceedings?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2018 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Hearsay exceptions 1
What is hearsay evidence? Explain the recognised exceptions to the hearsay rule.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2021 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Multiple dying declarations 1
How should a court assess multiple dying declarations when they are inconsistent?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2022 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3, OR option · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Dying declarations in video form 1
An Instagram influencer, following alleged harassment, broadcasts a livestream immediately before dying by suicide and identifies three persons as responsible. Can the video statement qualify as a dying declaration?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2023 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2, OR option · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Hearsay 1
What is hearsay evidence? Identify the exceptions to the hearsay rule.
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q5(B) · 8 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Gestural dying declaration 1
A woman with a severe cut wound to her throat makes gestures before death identifying B as the assailant. Are these gestures admissible as evidence against B?
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q8(d) · 10 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Documents and electronic evidence
Primary, secondary, documentary and electronic proof · 11 documented question occurrences
Secondary evidence 1
Can a photograph of an original document be admitted as secondary evidence when it was not compared with the original? Explain the applicable conditions.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2009 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Primary and secondary evidence 2
Distinguish primary evidence from secondary evidence, and public documents from private documents.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2013 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Distinguish primary evidence from secondary evidence, and explain when secondary evidence may be admitted.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2023 · Law / Evidence paper · Q4 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Grounds for secondary evidence 1
Under what conditions may secondary documentary evidence be tendered without producing the original?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2022 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1, OR option · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Electronic contracts and presumptions 1
What is an electronic contract? Discuss its admissibility in evidence and the statutory presumptions relating to electronic agreements.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2023 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1, first option · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Proof of signatures on sale deed 1
Where a party alleges that a registered sale deed contains forged signatures, which party must establish their genuineness?
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-I Q4 (relevant part) · 20 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Lost documents and secondary evidence 1
A litigant cannot locate original copyright-assignment deeds. Copies were initially exhibited and later de-exhibited; subsequent correspondence records attempts to locate originals. Discuss whether the copies can be admitted as secondary evidence under Sections 65 and 66 of the Indian Evidence Act, considering the procedural history and the Commercial Courts Act.
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-I Q6 · 20 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Electronic evidence 1
What conditions must be satisfied for the admission of electronic evidence under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872?
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q3(D) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Patent and latent ambiguities 1
Write a short note on latent and patent ambiguity.
Karnataka Civil Judge · 2023 · Law Paper I (Part III) · Q8(b), OR option · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Digital signatures 1
Discuss the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act relating to digital signatures.
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q8(c) · 10 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Entries in public records, Section 35 1
Discuss the evidentiary value of documents made ante litem motam under Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Madhya Pradesh District Judge (Entry Level) · 2023 · Mains Third Question Paper · Q9 · 5 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Burden of proof and presumptions
Onus, evidential burdens and legal presumptions · 8 documented question occurrences
Burden of proof and exceptions 1
Explain the burden of proof in criminal proceedings, with special reference to Section 105 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2017 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Presumptions of fact and law 1
Differentiate presumptions of fact from presumptions of law. Which presumptions are rebuttable?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2023 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1, OR option · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Seven short notes 1
Write short notes on: (a) conclusive proof; (b) onus probandi; (c) falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus; (d) disproved and not proved; (e) when irrelevant facts become relevant; (f) facts in issue; and (g) questions by a party to its own witness.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 (a)-(g) · 7×2 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Section 105 presumption 1
Discuss the scope of Section 105 regarding the burden on an accused to establish an exception, with case law.
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q2(C) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Burden of proof 1
Discuss the rules governing burden of proof under the Indian Evidence Act.
Karnataka Civil Judge · 2023 · Law Paper I (Part III) · Q9(a), option · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Burden, onus and presumptions 1
Distinguish burden of proof from onus of proof. Discuss presumptions concerning ownership and the proof of good faith.
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q8(b) · 10 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Ownership presumption, Section 110 1
When does the presumption under Section 110 of the Indian Evidence Act apply? Discuss with case law.
Madhya Pradesh District Judge (Entry Level) · 2023 · Mains Third Question Paper · Q8 · 5 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Legitimacy and paternity, Section 112 1
What standard of proof is required to rebut the presumption concerning paternity of a child born during a valid marriage under Section 112? Refer to relevant case law.
Madhya Pradesh District Judge (Entry Level) · 2023 · Mains Third Question Paper · Q10 · 5 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Estoppel and oral evidence
Estoppel, oral evidence and written transactions · 8 documented question occurrences
Estoppel by conduct 1
Explain the doctrine of “standing by” and distinguish it from abandonment.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2008 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Direct oral evidence 1
Explain the rule that oral evidence must be direct, with illustrations and any applicable exceptions.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2014 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Types of estoppel 1
Describe the principal types of estoppel recognised by law.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2015 · Law / Evidence paper · Q10 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Exclusion of oral evidence by documents 1
What exceptions permit oral evidence concerning the terms of a written agreement?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2018 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Documentary evidence and Sections 91-92 1
Explain the exclusion of oral evidence by documentary evidence under Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Delhi Judicial Service · 2023 · Criminal Law · Q6(a) · 15 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Estoppel, waiver and acquiescence 1
Distinguish estoppel, waiver and acquiescence. Can these principles override a statutory provision?
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-I Q7 · 20 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Estoppel as an equitable principle 1
Explain the proposition that estoppel is based on equity and fairness, using decided cases.
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q1(D) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Oral evidence contradicting written contracts 1
In what situations can oral evidence be admitted to contradict or vary the terms of a contract that the law requires to be in writing?
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q5(D) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Witnesses and privileges
Witness competency, privilege and testimony · 10 documented question occurrences
Meaning of court and affidavits 1
What is meant by “Court” under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872? Do the provisions of the Act apply to affidavits?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2008 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Competent witnesses and non-verbal testimony 1
Who is competent to testify? How may a court record oral evidence from a witness who cannot speak?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2008 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Professional communications 1
A client tells an advocate that he intends to obtain possession of property through a forged deed and requests the advocate to institute proceedings. Is the communication protected by legal professional privilege?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2009 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
State-affairs privilege 1
Discuss the scope and limits of privilege regarding unpublished official records relating to affairs of State, with examples.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2011 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Child witnesses 2
What precautions should a judge take before recording the testimony of a child witness, and while assessing that testimony?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2012 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
What precautions should a judge take before recording the testimony of a child witness, and while assessing that testimony?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2014 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Compelled answers by witnesses 1
Can a witness refuse to answer a relevant question because the answer may expose the witness to criminal liability? Discuss.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2018 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Accomplice testimony 1
Explain whether Section 133 and Illustration (b) to Section 114 concerning accomplice testimony conflict with one another.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2022 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Privilege and criminal purpose 1
An accused signs a vakalatnama and engages a criminal lawyer, then admits killing his live-in partner, concealing the body in a refrigerator, and seeks advice on disposing of it without detection. Explain privileged communications, their scope and exceptions, and the lawyer’s position on these facts.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2023 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2, first option · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Marital communications privilege 1
Discuss the scope, limits and exceptions of privilege concerning communications between spouses.
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q6(D) · 12 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Examination of witnesses and judicial powers
Cross-examination, witness credibility and judicial questions · 19 documented question occurrences
Credibility and falsus in uno 1
Is the maxim “falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus” applicable to the appreciation of evidence in India?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2011 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Section 165: judicial questions 1
What questions may a judge put under Section 165 of the Indian Evidence Act? Explain the scope of judicial questioning with examples.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2012 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 15 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Witness credibility 1
Explain the maxim “falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus”, with illustrations.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2013 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Voice samples and contradiction 1
A prosecution witness denies an earlier recorded statement that he had not seen the incident and had been pressured by police. The defence produces a recorded conversation, but the witness denies his voice. Can the accused seek a voice sample for comparison, and under which provisions of evidence law?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2014 · Law / Evidence paper · Q4 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Leading questions 1
When may leading questions be asked during examination-in-chief? Explain the justification for the rule.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2017 · Law / Evidence paper · Q1 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Judicial power to question 1
Discuss the powers conferred on a judge by Section 165 of the Indian Evidence Act.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2017 · Law / Evidence paper · Q4 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Impeaching credit and contradicting answers 1
(a) A witness denies having been dismissed from employment for dishonesty. May evidence of that dismissal be introduced to contradict the answer? (b) A witness says that he saw B in Lahore, although B was in Calcutta at the relevant time. May contrary evidence be introduced? Discuss the rules governing contradiction and credit of witnesses.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2018 · Law / Evidence paper · Q4(a)-(b) · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Role of the judge 1
Should a judge remain a passive spectator or take an active role in the ascertainment of facts during trial?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2019 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Short notes across evidence law 1
Write short notes on any five: (i) re-examination, (ii) electronic records, (iii) presumption of guilt, (iv) estoppel, (v) burden of proof, (vi) primary evidence, and (vii) public documents.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2019 · Law / Evidence paper · Q4 · 2×5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Short notes on evidentiary assessment 1
Write short notes on: (a) evidence is weighed, not counted; and (b) whether a statement video-recorded by police has substantive evidentiary value.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2022 · Law / Evidence paper · Q4(a)-(b) · 2.5+2.5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Hostile witnesses 1
Who is a hostile witness? Can a court rely on any part of the testimony of a witness declared hostile?
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2023 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Proper questions in cross-examination 1
A witness has no apparent means of livelihood and gives unsatisfactory answers about income. May counsel ask whether the witness is a dacoit? Discuss when such a question is proper.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Law / Evidence paper · Q2 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Stages of witness examination 1
Differentiate examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-examination.
Delhi Judicial Service · 2023 · Criminal Law · Q7(b) · 5 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Weight versus number of witnesses 1
Explain the proposition that evidence is weighed and not counted.
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-I Q13 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Re-examination of prosecution witnesses 1
Under what circumstances may the prosecution re-examine a witness?
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-III Q5 (relevant part) · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Objections to judges questions 1
Can a party or its agent object that a question asked by the court or judge to a witness is irrelevant? Discuss under the Evidence Act.
Karnataka Civil Judge · 2023 · Law Paper I (Part III) · Q10 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Scope of cross-examination 1
During cross-examination, what questions may be asked besides those directly relating to the incident?
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q9(a) · 15 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Improper questions 1
How should a court decide whether a question to a witness is proper or improper?
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q9(b) · 15 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Questions affecting credit 1
A woman prosecutes a man for pickpocketing. May she be asked whether she gave birth to a child outside marriage ten years earlier? Give reasons.
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q9(c) · 10 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Expert and circumstantial evidence
Experts, identification and circumstantial assessment · 4 documented question occurrences
Short notes on evidence concepts 1
Write short notes on: (i) circumstantial evidence, (ii) secondary evidence, (iii) estoppel, (iv) res gestae, and (v) dying declaration.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2021 · Law / Evidence paper · Q4 · 1×5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Expert opinion 1
What is the evidentiary value of expert opinion? Can a person be an expert on a question of law?
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-I Q14 · 10 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Expert qualifications 1
Who may be treated as an expert for the purpose of receiving expert opinion under the Evidence Act?
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q6(A) · 8 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Test identification parade 1
Discuss the rules and judicial guidelines for the admissibility of evidence from a test identification parade.
Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge · 2019 · Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I · Q7(B) · 8 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Judgments and judicial notice
Judgments and facts requiring no proof · 4 documented question occurrences
Effect of judgments 1
Discuss the evidentiary principle that a judgment binds the parties to the litigation.
Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service · 2017 · Law / Evidence paper · Q3 · 5 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Facts admitted 1
Explain the principle that facts admitted by parties need not be proved.
Delhi Judicial Service · 2023 · Criminal Law · Q6(b) · 5 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Admissions from earlier proceedings 1
In a dispute concerning pledged jewellery, consider whether a defendant’s earlier guilty plea or admission in money-lending proceedings can be used in later civil proceedings, including the relevance of Section 43 of the Indian Evidence Act and the burden concerning an allegedly invalid admission.
Delhi Higher Judicial Service · 2024 · Mains Law Papers I and III · Law-I Q3(b)-(c) · 40 marks
A · official original · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
Judicial notice and proof 1
Discuss which facts courts must take judicial notice of and which facts need not be proved under the Evidence Act.
Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) · 2023 · Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence · Q10(c) · 20 marks
B · attributed reproduction · Original language: English · Page: Not verified · View source paper ↗
No question matches the current filters.
Original papers and attributed reproductions
Links open paper files. All reproduced sources are separately labelled.
- B Delhi Judicial Service (2023), Criminal Law. Open paper ↗
- A Delhi Higher Judicial Service (2024), Mains Law Papers I and III. Open paper ↗
- B Himachal Pradesh Civil Judge (2019), Main Examination-II, Civil Law-I. Open paper ↗
- A Karnataka Civil Judge (2023), Law Paper I (Part III). Open paper ↗
- B Madhya Pradesh District Judge (Entry Level) (2023), Mains Third Question Paper. Open paper ↗
- B Uttar Pradesh Civil Judge (UPPCS-J) (2023), Law Paper II, Procedure and Evidence. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2008), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2008), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2009), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2011), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2012), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2013), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2014), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2015), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2017), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2018), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2019), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2021), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2022), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2023), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
- A Uttarakhand Higher Judicial Service (2024), Law / Evidence paper. Open paper ↗
Nationwide coverage and limitations
Checked corpus: 21 paper files; question occurrences: 90; distinct prompt groups: 89; states/jurisdictions represented: 6; span: 2008–2024; A (primary): 63; B (attributed reproduction): 27.
Represented jurisdictions: Delhi (11), Himachal Pradesh (11), Karnataka (5), Madhya Pradesh (3), Uttar Pradesh (10), Uttarakhand (50).
Research boundary: These are the relevant questions extracted from the identified papers. They do not represent every state, every year or every subject-relevant question ever set. Official or independently attributable papers for many other states and years were not individually inspected. Later 2025–2026 examinations were not verified for inclusion; some have switched to the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
Outstanding gaps: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, West Bengal, and other Union Territories remain outside the documented paper sample. National-level descriptive law papers and older yearly cycles also require separate confirmation.
Evidence grades: A = primary issuing-authority archive or original official paper; B = attributable reproduction of an identified exam paper; C/unverified leads are excluded. Question wording is an editorial paraphrase, retaining the substantive requirements, original hypotheticals and subparts wherever feasible. Exact source wording, bilingual text and legal terminology must be checked against the linked paper before quotation.
