LawFoyerJudiciary & Law Mains Subjective PYQs · Source-verified research
Question-only research compilation · 14 November 2026
Bar Council of India Rules and Professional Ethics: Mains Previous Year Questions (Subjective)
172 source-linked, topic-wise subjective previous-year question occurrences from official Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record examinations, 2007–2025. Coverage is confined to authenticated ethics sections of available AOR papers, including professional conduct, BCI Rules, misconduct, litigation ethics and advocates’ duties. Questions are editorially paraphrased and link to primary papers; answers are intentionally excluded.
172Verified occurrences
17Official source papers
2007–2025Verified range
10Broad topics
Scope and verification
Official AOR Question Paper III texts were consulted through the Supreme Court’s examination archive. The compilation retains each separately identified numbered occurrence, including optional questions and their subparts. Most prompts are faithful editorial paraphrases to improve readability and avoid reproducing long extracts.
A source grade means the examination paper was directly identifiable, not that every original word is reproduced. There are no model answers, hints or predicted questions. The collection has nationwide relevance but does not claim nationwide coverage of all state recruitment examinations.
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172 of 172 verified occurrences
Legal Profession, Principles and Advocacy
26 verified occurrences · Nature, values and ideals of advocacy
Question ETH-2025-7
When should an advocate refrain from arguing? Identify and elaborate at least seven features of bad advocacy.
202510 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7, PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-14
What are Justice Abbot Parry’s seven lamps of advocacy? Which is most important in modern Indian legal practice?
20245 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 14, PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-3
Discuss Justice Abbot Parry’s seven lamps of advocacy and their relevance to present-day practice.
202310 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-5
Discuss developments in the legal profession, especially law firms, and how professional ethics apply to law firms.
202310 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-14
Does an advocate enjoy any privileges?
20235 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 14. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-3,-Q2
Discuss innovation and activism in judicial development within the framework of law, referring to judgments.
202210 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 3, Q2, PDF page 16. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-5,-compulsory
(a) Explain any two of Justice Abbot Parry’s seven lamps of advocacy: courage, eloquence, fellowship, honesty, industry, judgment and wit. (b) Identify other qualities essential for a successful lawyer.
202220 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 5, compulsory, PDF page 20. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-5
What role does the legal profession have in maintaining public trust in justice? Propose relevant changes to BCI Rules.
202120 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-12
What are Abbot Parry’s seven lamps of advocacy, which is most important, and are they relevant in Indian practice today?
202110 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-20
Name the seven lamps of advocacy stated by Justice Abbot Parry.
20182 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 20. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-1
What role does the legal profession have in maintaining public trust in the justice system? Compare its responsibility with that of the judiciary.
201720 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 21. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-2
Examine the importance of professional independence to the rule of law, considering a proposal to turn the legal profession into a government-regulated public service.
201720 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 21. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-3
Critically evaluate neutrality, partisanship and non-accountability as the standard conception of lawyers’ roles, and propose alternatives, considering the demands of public interest and social justice.
201720 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3, PDF page 21. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-5
What changes to the BCI Rules could strengthen the profession’s public-trust responsibilities?
201720 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 22. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-1
Why is an independent legal profession indispensable to the rule of law and liberty, alongside an independent judiciary? Explain its role using constitutional and human-rights principles.
201620 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 45. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-3
Distinguish ethical values and professional virtues. Why should legal practitioners seek a higher ideal of professional excellence?
201620 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3, PDF page 46. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-5
Examine the importance of accurate legal reasoning, sound professional advice and mastery of legal principles as duties owed by Supreme Court lawyers, under BCI Rules or other standards.
201620 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 47. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-12
Does corporate legal practice reduce or eliminate the traditional public responsibilities of lawyers as officers of court?
201610 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12, PDF page 49. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-2
Distinguish professional ethics from professional conduct, considering the concepts of character, morality and ethical practice.
201520 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 39. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-6
Critically examine the contention that legal indeterminacy allows lawyers to create and exploit uncertainty, and that lawyers’ professional ethics may mirror adversarial practice.
201520 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 39. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-8(a)-(c)
Write short notes on any two: (a) champerty and maintenance, and whether they amount to professional misconduct under Advocates Act and BCI Rules; (b) amicus curiae compared with pro bono counsel; (c) prohibition of solicitation and permissible information on a lawyer’s website.
201310 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8(a)-(c), PDF page 16. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-3
How does erosion in lawyers’ ethical standards influence public perceptions of courts?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-9
Why may brevity in petitions and oral submissions improve advocacy?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2010-4
Comment on a Supreme Court observation lamenting the decline of professional ethical standards among lawyers, including otherwise successful practitioners.
201020 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2010, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 4, PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-2
Should the legal profession regulate itself? Discuss the risk of external regulation if Bar Councils fail in their responsibilities.
200810 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 2, PDF page 11. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-7
Why has public perception of the legal profession changed from its historic image as noble and respected?
200810 marksEssay / short answerNature, values and ideals of advocacy
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 7, PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Duties to the Court and Bench-Bar Relations
24 verified occurrences · Candour, independence and courtroom conduct
Question ETH-2025-4-(OR-alternative)
What are an advocate’s duties towards the court, the client and the opposite side?
202510 marksProblem / applicationCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4 (OR alternative), PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-6
Discuss the different duties of an advocate and critically examine duties towards client and court within the adversarial system, with reference to decided cases.
202415 marksProblem / applicationCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-10
What duties does an advocate owe to the court?
20235 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-3,-Q1
‘Court and counsel are the two wheels of the chariot of justice.’ Discuss this proposition with reference to statutory duties to the court, client and colleagues.
202210 marksProblem / applicationCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 3, Q1, PDF page 16. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-4,-Q6
When may an advocate criticise the judiciary in or outside court? When can criticism attract contempt, in light of C. Ravichandran Iyer v. Justice A.M. Bhattacharjee?
20225 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 4, Q6, PDF page 18. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-1
What duties does an advocate owe to different persons, including a presiding judge? How should conflicting duties be resolved?
202120 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-11
A client directs you to seek an adjournment on any pretext so that interim relief continues and the opposite side suffers inconvenience. What should you do?
202110 marksProblem / applicationCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-1
The legal profession involves duties to the court, litigant and opponent. How may an advocate reconcile these duties and exercise the privilege of addressing the court for a client?
201820 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-7
How far may advocates criticise the judiciary inside and outside court, and when can criticism constitute contempt, in light of C. Ravichandran Iyer v. Justice A.M. Bhattacharjee?
201810 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-18
Identify the Supreme Court decision concerning suppression of material facts, abuse of process and the resulting discharge of rule nisi or contempt consequences.
20182 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 18. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-6
Considering fellowship and courteous rivalry at the Bar, examine professional courtroom conduct under BCI Rules and Supreme Court decisions.
201720 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 22. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-7
What duties do BCI Rules prescribe for lawyers? Are these duties sometimes irreconcilably conflicting? Compare Indian cases and approaches in other countries.
201720 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7, PDF page 22. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-8
How should advocates reconcile respectful courtroom conduct and judicial dignity with the independence of the Bar? Discuss contrasting statements about deferential and overly subservient advocates.
201720 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8, PDF page 23. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-1
Discuss the multiple responsibilities of an advocate to the court, client, fellow advocates, opponent, public and State under BCI Rules.
201520 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 38. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-3
How can a Supreme Court lawyer harmonise duty to the court with the client’s best interests?
201520 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3, PDF page 39. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-5
Explain why an advocate should avoid unsound arguments and incorrect pleadings and should disclose adverse judicial decisions, having regard to fairness and the rule of law.
201520 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 39. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2014-5
How may a lawyer reconcile the primary duty to the court and the duty to act in a client’s best interests?
2014Marks not verifiedEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-1
How should a Supreme Court lawyer reconcile the primary duty to court with acting in the client’s best interests?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-6
How can an advocate present the client’s case candidly without being disrespectful towards the court?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-10
Must an advocate cite directly adverse binding judgments to the Supreme Court even if the other side overlooks them and disclosure hurts the client?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2011-14
Is it unethical for lawyers to invite judges before whom they practise to legal or social functions? What safeguards or limits should apply?
201110 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2011, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 14, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2010-5
Does a judge’s acceptance of hospitality from a lawyer affect the public’s confidence in judicial independence? Does frequency matter, and what action should the Bar Council consider against lawyers providing such hospitality?
20105 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2010, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 5, PDF page 13. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-3
Is it a breach of professional duty for counsel to withhold from the court an adverse statute or binding decision not cited by the other side?
200810 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 3, PDF page 11. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-6
False affidavits undermine justice. What ethical duties arise when a lawyer drafts affidavits for a client?
200810 marksEssay / short answerCandour, independence and courtroom conduct
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 6, PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Duties to Clients, Opponents and Professional Colleagues
17 verified occurrences · Retainer, representation and fair dealing
Question ETH-2024-12
When may an advocate refuse a brief? Can a Bar resolution to refuse representation to an accused constitute a special circumstance?
20245 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12, PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-9
Is the description of an advocate as a ‘hired gun’ appropriate in light of duties to the client?
20235 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-12
Is an advocate bound to accept every brief in a court where they practise?
20235 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-2
(a) A client confesses murder and seeks defence: should the advocate accept? (b) Another client admits forging a brother’s signature on a family settlement and asks the advocate to sue for specific performance: should the suit be filed?
201820 marksProblem / applicationRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-17
When may an advocate withdraw from a matter or return a brief?
20182 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 17. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-4
Does the adversarial legal system reduce lawyers to ‘hired guns’ without moral autonomy? Examine the view associated with Lord Brougham’s defence of Queen Caroline.
201720 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4, PDF page 22. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-4
Is the ‘hired gun’ conception of absolute client loyalty, associated with Lord Brougham, compatible with BCI Rules and Supreme Court advocacy?
201620 marksProblem / applicationRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4, PDF page 46. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-11
What is acting in the client’s best interests, and how can this duty be reconciled with a lawyer’s primary responsibilities as an officer of court?
201610 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11, PDF page 49. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-4
What duties are owed to a client? Explain the obligation to provide sober, discreet and honest advice even at the cost of potential financial gain.
201520 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4, PDF page 39. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-7
Should an advocate’s personal opinion that an accused is guilty prevent the advocate from defending that accused?
201520 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7, PDF page 40. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2014-6
Why must an advocate defend an accused person despite the advocate’s personal view of that person’s guilt?
2014Marks not verifiedEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-2
Can a lawyer making oral submissions concede a point without the client’s express authorisation?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-4
Must a lawyer accept briefs involving rape, terrorism or corruption even where the allegations conflict with personal values?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2011-12
Should lawyers appear for clients regardless of belief in the cause? What part should the Bar Association play?
201110 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2011, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 12, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2011-15
What is a lawyer’s duty when retained to defend a person accused of gross corruption or terrorism?
201110 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2011, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 15, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2010-6
What duty does an advocate owe when engaged to defend a person alleged to have participated in terrorist activity?
201015 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2010, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 6, PDF page 13. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2009-Ethics-Q2
A vakalatnama authorises specified concessions, but counsel later considers an additional concession necessary to preserve part of the client’s claim. Can counsel make it without further express consent?
200915 marksEssay / short answerRetainer, representation and fair dealing
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2009, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. Ethics Q2, PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Professional Misconduct, Enrolment and Disciplinary Jurisdiction
26 verified occurrences · Advocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Question ETH-2025-4-(first-alternative)
What constitutes actionable misconduct by a lawyer? Describe at least five categories of misconduct with Supreme Court case references.
202510 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4 (first alternative), PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2025-6
Can a lawyer be proceeded against for professional negligence under consumer-protection legislation? Compare the responsibility of lawyers towards clients with doctors’ responsibility towards patients, and discuss significant decisions.
202510 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-3
Distinguish professional misconduct from contempt of court with reference to statutory provisions and judicial decisions.
202415 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3, PDF page 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-1
What consequences follow where an advocate is guilty of professional misconduct or other misconduct? Identify the statutory provision for action and discuss Supreme Court decisions distinguishing the two.
202320 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-7
Can a High Court bar an advocate from practising before itself or subordinate courts? If so, under what jurisdiction and to what extent?
202310 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-3,-Q3
Can a High Court’s contempt powers concerning advocates coexist with Bar Council disciplinary proceedings? Refer to judgments.
202210 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 3, Q3, PDF page 16. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-3,-Q4
Under Section 35 of the Advocates Act, (a) what constitutes ‘other misconduct’; and (b) are the disciplinary committee’s powers excessively broad or unguided?
202210 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 3, Q4, PDF page 16. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-4,-Q3
What standard of proof applies to Bar Council disciplinary proceedings?
20225 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 4, Q3, PDF page 18. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-2
Distinguish professional misconduct and other misconduct under Section 35(1) of the Advocates Act, using decided cases.
202120 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-3
What punishments can follow an advocate’s misconduct, what principles guide sentencing, and when is a person disqualified from enrolment?
202120 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-6
Identify principal unethical or sharp practices in Indian courts. Are present BCI Rules adequate for technological and emerging fields? What precise amendments are needed?
202120 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-5
What constitutes professional misconduct despite the absence of a statutory definition? Examine Law Commission concerns about regulation, relevant cases and whether personal misconduct qualifies.
201820 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-10
A high-profile leader’s personal attorney pays ‘hush money’ from personal funds to silence someone about an alleged affair, breaking legal and ethical rules. Discuss the issues arising.
201810 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-11
When may a person be disqualified from enrolment as an advocate under Section 24A?
20182 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-13
What punishments may a Bar Council disciplinary committee impose for misconduct?
20182 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 13. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-14
What amounts to moral turpitude in relation to an advocate?
20182 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 14. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-10
Without a definition in Section 35, how should professional and other misconduct be understood? Why is other misconduct relevant to fitness for practice? Distinguish them through cases.
201710 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10, PDF page 23. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-11
Section 24A disqualifies certain applicants from enrolment for moral turpitude but limits the effect after a stipulated period. Explain the rationale of the proviso and whether it should remain.
201710 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11, PDF page 24. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-6
What constitutes professional misconduct under Section 35 of the Advocates Act? Distinguish it from other misconduct, and consider whether public-service disciplinary standards apply to lawyers.
201620 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 47. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-7
What standard should govern ‘other misconduct’ under Section 35: abuse of professional privilege or a significant departure from acceptable professional conduct? Discuss with cases.
201620 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7, PDF page 48. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-9
What standard of proof applies in advocates’ disciplinary matters, and what does ‘reason to believe’ mean under Section 35?
201610 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9, PDF page 49. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-9
Explain the meaning and scope of ‘professional or other misconduct’ in Section 35(1) of the Advocates Act with decided cases.
201510 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9, PDF page 40. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-10
What are the disciplinary powers of State Bar Councils and the BCI? Explain who may appeal to the BCI against a State Bar Council disciplinary committee order.
201510 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10, PDF page 40. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2014-3(a)-(c)
(a) To whom is a professional or other misconduct complaint against an advocate made? (b) What procedure must the authority follow? (c) What orders may be passed?
2014Marks not verifiedEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3(a)-(c), PDF page 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2011-13
Must a Bar Council provide reasons when it finds an advocate not guilty of misconduct?
201110 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2011, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 13, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2009-Ethics-Q1
Must a Bar Council investigating misconduct both examine facts carefully and state reasons for its decision? Discuss with case law.
200915 marksEssay / short answerAdvocates Act and Bar Council disciplinary functions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2009, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. Ethics Q1, PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Advertising, Solicitation, Publicity and Media
20 verified occurrences · Professional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Question ETH-2025-1
What information may an Advocate-on-Record lawfully publish on a professional website? Assess separately: (A) name, qualifications and home/office contact details; (B) associates’ names and qualifications; (C) foreign degrees, awards, honours and Bar or public offices; (D) names of prominent clients; (E) links to books, articles and speeches; (F) comparative success rates; and (G) photographs at the Supreme Court, in the office, while addressing court, and social photographs with judges. Give reasons for each.
202510 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2025-3
A former Chief Minister faces corruption charges, resigns after bail is refused, and engages you to file an SLP. Examine whether you may: (A) give the petition to the media; (B) answer journalists’ questions during the case; (C) join media debates after a favourable ruling; (D) debate an unfavourable ruling; and (E) write a legal article before, during or after the hearing. Address proper media reporting in sensational and ordinary cases.
202510 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-1
Discuss the dos and don’ts for advocates and law firms creating professional websites under the Advocates Act and its rules. Are the existing regulatory and enforcement provisions sufficient? Suggest any changes required.
202415 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-4
Critically examine an advocate’s participation in media debates concerning a sub judice matter in which that advocate represents a party. When may this breach professional ethics or amount to contempt of court?
202415 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-7
Define touting and discuss the relevant Indian provisions and the Supreme Court Registry’s role under the Supreme Court Rules, 2013.
20245 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-6
Discuss the scope and limits of an advocate’s fair criticism of judicial decisions, and the media’s duties in reporting sub judice matters.
202310 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-8
Explain the rationale for prohibiting advertising and solicitation by advocates, with cases, and assess its relevance to social media.
202310 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-3,-Q5
An Advocate-on-Record sends a postcard to a party served in Supreme Court proceedings, drawing attention to the AOR appointment rules and offering his services. Does this constitute misconduct warranting disciplinary action? Discuss with cases.
202210 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 3, Q5, PDF page 17. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-4,-Q5
How may an advocate promote professional services without violating the restrictions on advertising and solicitation under the Advocates Act?
20225 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 4, Q5, PDF page 18. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-7
What rules control lawyer advertising and solicitation? Are they justified, and how should social media influence reform?
202120 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-3
(a) Explain rules against lawyers’ advertising and solicitation, their rationale and constitutional validity. (b) May an advocate operate a website, and which contents should be included or excluded?
201820 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-4
(a) May counsel join media debates about a pending client case, or speak after a lower court or Supreme Court ruling? (b) What standards should govern public debate of criminal cases, and should standards differ for tax, writ and civil matters?
201820 marksProblem / applicationProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2014-3-(second-Q3-as-printed)
May an advocate maintain a website about professional services? What information may it lawfully contain?
2014Marks not verifiedEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3 (second Q3 as printed), PDF page 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-1
Following intense media coverage of the Delhi gang-rape criminal trial, a public prosecutor gives interviews about the evidence and ongoing proceedings. (a) Is trial by media compatible with a fair trial, and what safeguards are needed? (b) Assess the prosecutor’s interviews. (c) May a defence advocate refuse the accused’s brief because of personal beliefs about guilt?
201315 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 13. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-2
A highly qualified AOR emails State Law Departments directly seeking appointment as standing counsel, attaching a résumé. Does this constitute professional misconduct or unlawful solicitation? Discuss with cases.
201315 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 13. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-5
Why cannot lawyers solicit clients in the way ordinary businesspersons solicit customers?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2011-11
Why is direct solicitation of briefs by lawyers improper despite its acceptability in commercial competition?
201110 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2011, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 11, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-4
Why is direct solicitation of clients acceptable in business but prohibited for advocates?
200810 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 4, PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-5
Should lawyers be allowed to advertise? If so, what forms of publicity would remain compatible with professional ethics?
200810 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 5, PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2007-6
Should India reconsider restrictions on soliciting briefs in light of practice in England and the USA? What limits should govern solicitation?
200715 marksEssay / short answerProfessional publicity and solicitation restrictions
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2007, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 6, PDF page 11. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Confidentiality, Privilege and Conflicts of Interest
13 verified occurrences · Legal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Question ETH-2025-5
A client privately admits committing the offence for which you are preparing the appeal. In light of lawyer-client privilege, how should an Advocate-on-Record proceed? Examine the supposed ‘hired gun’ role alongside the duty of an officer of court.
202510 marksProblem / applicationLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-5
Explain the scope and exceptions of legal privilege in advocate-client communications. Does the duty of confidentiality end when the client terminates the engagement?
202415 marksProblem / applicationLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-10
May an advocate accept a brief from the adversary of an existing client against other parties while the original matter is pending? Would the answer change after disposal of the existing client’s case?
20245 marksProblem / applicationLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-11
May an advocate stand surety for a client? Can an advocate act where they have a pecuniary interest?
20235 marksEssay / short answerLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-13
Explain the prohibition on breaching the professional obligation under Section 126 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, as referred to in the 2023 paper.
20235 marksEssay / short answerLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 13. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-6
(a) May a lawyer assert attorney-client privilege during a search of the law office? (b) May a departing associate retain a client’s legal opinion or contact information? Would the position differ for partners?
201820 marksProblem / applicationLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-16
What exceptions allow an advocate to represent an establishment of which they are a member?
20182 marksEssay / short answerLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 16. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-9
Explain the nature of confidentiality between lawyer and client and whether it survives termination of engagement, with rules and cases.
201710 marksProblem / applicationLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9, PDF page 23. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2014-4
Why do BCI Rules restrict advocates from representing an organisation before courts or tribunals when the advocate sits on its executive committee?
2014Marks not verifiedEssay / short answerLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4, PDF page 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-3
An advocate representing a wife in divorce proceedings is summoned in a related Section 498 IPC trial. He refuses to identify a companion who accompanied the client, relying on Section 126, Evidence Act. Does privilege extend beyond oral communications? Was the identity confidential? Would the position differ if the client testified and refused to answer?
201315 marksProblem / applicationLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 3, PDF page 14. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-7
Why should lawyers refuse briefs when they know they should not appear before the particular judge hearing the case?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-8(a)-(d)
Write short notes on: (a) conflicts of interest from acting for and against clients in separate cases; (b) the advocate’s duty to prepare fully; (c) behaviour in court; and (d) amicus curiae.
200810 marksEssay / short answerLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 8(a)-(d), PDF page 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2007-4
Assess the limits of lawyer-client privilege under Section 126, Evidence Act, alongside the claimed confidentiality of journalists’ sources. Should either profession have an absolute right to withhold crime-related information?
200720 marksProblem / applicationLegal professional privilege and conflicting duties
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2007, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 4, PDF page 10. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Fees, Remuneration, Client Property and Accounts
9 verified occurrences · Contingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Question ETH-2025-2
An advocate has a substantial financial interest in land acquired for public purposes. Other affected landholders request representation in compensation proceedings. Consider (A) acting pro bono; (B) representing some free if they introduce five fee-paying landholders; (C) taking half the fee upfront and half only if successful; (D) charging the full fee plus a 25% compensation-linked bonus; and (E) taking no initial fee but 50% of compensation. Would your position differ if road-accident victims’ dependants proposed the same five arrangements? What steps follow if agreed fees remain unpaid?
202510 marksEssay / short answerContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-11
May an advocate charge fees as a percentage of case success, especially where the client cannot afford the initial fees? Give reasons.
20245 marksProblem / applicationContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11, PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-3,-Q7
An advocate refuses to return an original will entrusted by the executor/beneficiary because fees remain unpaid. Does this constitute professional misconduct? Refer to cases.
202210 marksEssay / short answerContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 3, Q7, PDF page 17. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-4,-Q2
A client advances money to an AOR for senior counsel’s fees. The AOR deposits the money in a bank fixed deposit while awaiting listing. May the AOR retain the accrued interest? Explain under the professional conduct rules.
20225 marksProblem / applicationContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 4, Q2, PDF page 18. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-8
Can a lawyer retain or set off client money received in professional work against unsettled fees? Would such retention amount to misconduct, and what other means exist for fee recovery?
201810 marksProblem / applicationContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-15
What maximum fee on a brief is prescribed for an Advocate-on-Record in review petitions under Part I of the Second Schedule to Supreme Court Rules?
20182 marksEssay / short answerContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 15. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-8
With reference to R.D. Saxena v. Balram Prasad Sharma, discuss whether (a) client papers are goods, (b) their entrustment amounts to bailment under Section 148 of the Contract Act, and (c) an unpaid advocate has a lien under Section 171.
201520 marksProblem / applicationContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8, PDF page 40. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2014-2
Does an advocate have a lien for unpaid fees over litigation papers entrusted by a client?
2014Marks not verifiedEssay / short answerContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-5
Following R.D. Saxena v. Balram Prasad Sharma, discuss whether (a) a lawyer may claim a lien over unpaid-fee client papers under Section 171, Contract Act; (b) case papers are ‘goods’; and (c) their entrustment amounts to bailment under Section 148.
201310 marksProblem / applicationContingent fees, accounting and retention of client property
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 5, PDF page 15. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Advocates’ Strikes, Boycotts and Contempt
10 verified occurrences · Collective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Question ETH-2025-9
Are advocates justified in striking over a proposed High Court Bench, crimes against lawyers inside courts or judicial vacancies? What effective alternatives would protect litigants from disruption?
202510 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9, PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-2
Since an advocates’ strike falls outside the protection of Article 19, examine any exceptions and penalties recognised by Supreme Court decisions. Suggest how aggrieved members of the Bar may safeguard their interests.
202415 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 1. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-2
Trace the Supreme Court’s law on strikes, boycotts and abstention by advocates. Is a strike lawful, and can it amount to contempt of court?
202320 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-4,-Q7
Applying Supreme Court cases on lawyer strikes, examine whether a strike may be justified when demanding (a) a High Court Bench in a city; (b) filling High Court vacancies; (c) transfer of a High Court judge; or (d) elevation of a junior judge over a senior High Court judge.
20225 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 4, Q7, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-4
Is striking ethical or lawful for advocates? Discuss relevant judicial decisions.
202120 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-9
Applying Krishnakant Tamrakar v. State of Madhya Pradesh on advocates’ strikes, examine whether a hunger strike demanding judicial vacancies is lawful.
201810 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-2
Can an advocates’ strike ever be ethically or legally justified given the profession’s obligation to the rule of law and justice?
201620 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 2, PDF page 45. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-7
Considering Ex-Capt. Harish Uppal v. Union of India, can advocates ethically strike to protest measures perceived as adverse to the public interest? Explain their rights and duties.
201310 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 7, PDF page 16. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2008-1
Lawyers cannot use collective bargaining devices such as strikes. Discuss.
200810 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 1, PDF page 11. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2007-5
In what circumstances, if any, may advocates strike? Must every Bar member participate in a strike? Give examples.
200715 marksEssay / short answerCollective abstention, protest and contempt powers
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2007, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. 5, PDF page 10. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Advocates-on-Record, Senior Advocates and Court Practice
14 verified occurrences · Special responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Question ETH-2025-8-(first-alternative)
Are virtual hearings necessary, desirable and effective despite reservations among members of the Bar and Bench? What professional ethics and etiquette apply during virtual hearings?
202510 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8 (first alternative), PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2025-8-(OR-alternative)
You must urgently e-file an SLP for a father, son and daughter based outside Delhi. The father has Alzheimer’s disease with intermittent lucidity. You receive an electronic PDF vakalatnama reportedly signed during a lucid interval but not attested. How would you verify instructions and ensure all petitioners approve the pleadings? How would you handle a reasonable settlement proposal during hearing?
202510 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8 (OR alternative), PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-8
Discuss the special duties owed by an Advocate-on-Record of the Supreme Court, referring to relevant rules and decided cases.
20245 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-4,-Q1
Summarise the restrictions imposed by the Bar Council of India upon senior advocates.
20225 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 4, Q1, PDF page 18. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-4,-Q4
A client insists that an AOR file an SLP against a purely ad interim High Court order, although the advocate sees no Article 136 question and the matter awaits further hearing below. Should the AOR file the SLP? Give reasons.
20225 marksProblem / applicationSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 4, Q4, PDF page 18. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-8
What special duties does a Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record owe? Assess the necessity of the AOR system with rules and cases.
202120 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-19
What legal proposition is laid down in Rameshwar Prasad Goyal (2014) 1 SCC 572?
20182 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-8
Discuss whether the Supreme Court’s power under its Rules to withdraw an Advocate-on-Record’s practice privilege is controlled by Chapter V of the Advocates Act. Can Articles 129 and 142 support action against misconduct?
201620 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8, PDF page 48. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2014-1
When and why was the AOR Examination Paper III renamed from ‘Elementary Knowledge of Book Keeping & Accounts and Professional Ethics’ to ‘Advocacy and Professional Ethics’?
2014Marks not verifiedEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 1, PDF page 7. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-4
Using Supreme Court Bar Association v. Union of India, discuss (a) Supreme Court contempt powers under Article 129; (b) Articles 142 and 129 in the context of contempt legislation; and (c) whether withdrawal of AOR privileges under Supreme Court Rules is controlled by Chapter V of the Advocates Act.
201315 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4, PDF page 14. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2013-6
Some AORs merely lend their names to SLP filings and take no responsibility for pleadings, defects or hearings. How can the institution’s dignity and accountability be maintained? Are procedural or regulatory reforms necessary?
201310 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 6, PDF page 15. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-8
Should an Advocate-on-Record refuse to file a Supreme Court petition that the AOR considers unfit for that court?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 8, PDF page 19. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-12
Does a Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record owe an enhanced duty to the court owing to the nature of the institution?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12, PDF page 20. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2009-Ethics-Q3
An AOR files proof that a bail application was served on State counsel, who remains absent. Bail is granted and the accused absconds. State counsel alleges neither he nor his clerk received notice; defence counsel relied on his own clerk’s account. Should the court (a) condone the AOR’s conduct, (b) take action against the AOR, or (c) cancel the clerk’s registration? Give reasons.
200915 marksEssay / short answerSpecial responsibilities and restrictions in Supreme Court practice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2009, Paper III: Accounts and Professional Ethics (ethics section), Q. Ethics Q3, PDF page 13. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Mediation, Legal Aid and Amicus Curiae
13 verified occurrences · Lawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Question ETH-2025-10
What ethical and professional difficulties arise while advising and conducting mediation for a client? How should a lawyer respond to a proposed special fee for settling a dispute through mediation rather than prolonged litigation?
202510 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10, PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-9
Explain the ethical duties of an advocate appointed amicus curiae for an unrepresented party.
20245 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9, PDF page 2. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2024-13
Explain the professional ethics an advocate must observe in mediation and conciliation.
20245 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 13, PDF page 3. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2023-4
Who is an amicus curiae? Explain the duties towards the court and Supreme Court guidelines governing appointment of amici curiae in criminal trials.
202310 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 4. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2022-Section-3,-Q6
Explain the relevance and importance of mediation and the lawyer’s role in promoting it.
202210 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. Section 3, Q6, PDF page 17. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-9
Does an advocate have a duty to promote conciliation or mediation, and how does it connect with professional ethics?
202110 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 9. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2021-10
Do ethical duties of an amicus curiae differ when the amicus assists the court rather than represents an unrepresented party?
202110 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2018-12
Who is an amicus curiae?
20182 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2017-12
Examine the emerging role of the legal profession in promoting mediation.
201710 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12, PDF page 24. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2016-10
What role does the Bar have in promoting alternative dispute resolution and how is that connected with professional ethics?
201610 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 10, PDF page 49. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-11
What is the advocate’s role in advancing Article 39A of the Constitution?
201510 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11, PDF page 40. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2015-12
Why should lawyers promote mediation in clients’ interests, and how does professional ethics relate to this responsibility?
201510 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 12, PDF page 40. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
Question ETH-2012-11
How does the role of amicus curiae in public-interest litigation differ from counsel’s role in adversarial litigation?
201212.5 marksEssay / short answerLawyers’ responsibilities in dispute resolution and access to justice
Asked in: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012, Paper III: Advocacy and Professional Ethics, Q. 11, PDF page 20. View official question paper
Evidence: A (official Supreme Court paper). Text: Editorially paraphrased from primary paper; original paper language: English.
No questions match those filters.
Source papers
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2025 (Paper III): 12 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2024 (Paper III): 14 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2023 (Paper III): 14 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2022 (Paper III): 15 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2021 (Paper III): 12 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2018 (Paper III): 20 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2017 (Paper III): 12 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2016 (Paper III): 12 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2015 (Paper III): 12 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2014 (Paper III): 7 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2013 (Paper III): 8 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2012 (Paper III): 12 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2011 (Paper III): 5 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2010 (Paper III): 3 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2009 (Paper III): 3 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2008 (Paper III): 8 subjective question occurrence(s) included
- Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination, 2007 (Paper III): 3 subjective question occurrence(s) included
Source and coverage audit
Verified occurrences: 172. Distinct numbered question cards: 172 (alternative questions and combined subparts are preserved as separate occurrences or a grouped numbered prompt, as appropriate). Source papers represented: 17, across 2007–2025. Exam category: one, Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Examination. Geographic jurisdiction: national Supreme Court examination only, not a state-by-state judiciary collection.
| Year | Questions | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 12 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2024 | 14 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2023 | 14 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2022 | 15 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2021 | 12 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2018 | 20 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2017 | 12 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2016 | 12 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2015 | 12 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2014 | 7 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2013 | 8 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2012 | 12 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2011 | 5 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2010 | 3 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2009 | 3 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2008 | 8 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
| 2007 | 3 | Official Supreme Court AOR paper |
Limits: The present compilation verifies Supreme Court AOR papers only. Separate state Judicial Service, Higher Judicial Service, APO/APP, JLO and other law-recruitment descriptive papers have not been exhaustively authenticated. The Supreme Court archive lists a 2019 paper, but relevant question text was not reliably extracted during this review. No paper is shown for 2020, and availability should not be presumed. The earliest represented year is 2007, not necessarily the earliest paper ever issued. Other relevant questions may exist in unexamined papers. Objective items from the 2022 ethics paper and older accountancy questions were excluded. Marks are omitted wherever not independently verifiable. The historically applicable law is that used by the paper at the time; do not silently substitute updated statutory provisions for original prompts.
Verified against Supreme Court AOR examination archive on 14 November 2026.
