A) ABSTRACT / HEADNOTE
The case concerns challenges to land acquisition under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 on grounds of procedural non-compliance, specifically regarding Section 5A. The respondents alleged irregularities in the issuance of notices and hearings, asserting that these defects vitiated the acquisition process. The High Court annulled the acquisition, citing improper notice delivery and mechanical disposal of objections. However, the Supreme Court overturned the High Court’s judgment, emphasizing the rule of statutory presumption, substantial compliance, and the balance of public interest versus individual rights.
Keywords: Land acquisition, Section 5A compliance, statutory presumption, procedural fairness, public purpose.
B) CASE DETAILS
i) Judgment Cause Title:
New Okhla Industrial Development Authority v. Darshan Lal Bohra & Ors.
ii) Case Number:
Civil Appeal No. 8048 of 2019.
iii) Judgment Date:
10th July 2024.
iv) Court:
Supreme Court of India.
v) Quorum:
Surya Kant and K.V. Viswanathan, JJ.
vi) Author:
Surya Kant, J.
vii) Citation:
[2024] 7 S.C.R. 1001; 2024 INSC 508.
viii) Legal Provisions Involved:
- Land Acquisition Act, 1894: Sections 4, 5A, 6.
- Evidence Act, 1872: Section 114.
- Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
ix) Judgments Overruled by the Case (if any):
High Court’s decision in Writ C. No. 36231/2015.
x) Case is Related to Law Subjects:
Constitutional law, Administrative law, Land acquisition law.
C) INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF JUDGMENT
The case emerged from challenges to land acquisition proceedings initiated by NOIDA for industrial development. Notifications under Sections 4 and 6 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 were issued, leading to the acquisition of approximately 81.8 hectares. The respondents challenged these notifications, alleging that their objections under Section 5A were neither heard adequately nor properly disposed of. The High Court quashed the acquisition process, prompting NOIDA to appeal.
D) FACTS OF THE CASE
- Acquisition Purpose: Planned Industrial Development by NOIDA.
- Notifications Issued:
- Section 4 notification on 28th September 2013.
- Section 6 declaration on 14th January 2015.
- Respondents’ Claims:
- Improper notice delivery for Section 5A hearings.
- Consolidation of objections treated as a formality.
- Prejudice to individual rights as their lands were residential.
- High Court’s Observations:
- Notices were inadequately served through Gram Pradhan without ensuring proper communication.
- Procedural defects rendered the acquisition illegal.
E) LEGAL ISSUES RAISED
- Whether respondents forfeited their right to challenge the acquisition due to lack of objections or subsequent acceptance of compensation.
- Whether the procedural requirements under Section 5A were substantially complied with.
F) PETITIONER/APPELLANT’S ARGUMENTS
i) The counsels for the appellant argued that:
- Compliance with Section 5A: The statutory requirement was fulfilled by issuing public notices and conducting hearings.
- Statutory Presumption: The Evidence Act mandates presumption of regularity in official acts, shifting the burden to the respondents.
- Subsequent Conduct: Acceptance of compensation and no further protests implied acquiescence.
- Development Costs: NOIDA incurred substantial expenses post-acquisition, and annulling the process would harm public interest.
G) RESPONDENT’S ARGUMENTS
i) The counsels for the respondents submitted that:
- Violation of Section 5A: Notices for personal hearings were not served effectively, breaching audi alteram partem.
- Irregular Procedures: Consolidation of objections ignored individual differences, reducing the process to a formality.
- Residential Use: Lands acquired were residential, violating the principle of equality under Article 14.
- Settlement Breach: Compensation was accepted in good faith under a settlement, later dishonored by NOIDA.
H) JUDGMENT
a. Ratio Decidendi:
- Presumption of Regularity: Statutory presumption under Section 114, Evidence Act, supported NOIDA’s claim of substantial compliance.
- Substantial Compliance with Section 5A: Notices were issued, hearings conducted, and objections consolidated appropriately to streamline the process.
- No Prejudice Proven: The respondents failed to demonstrate actual prejudice caused by procedural lapses.
b. Obiter Dicta:
- Consolidation of objections is permissible where their substance overlaps.
- Mere procedural lapses without prejudice cannot vitiate acquisition.
c. Guidelines Issued:
- Ensure notice delivery via reliable means beyond intermediaries.
- Adopt a nuanced approach to objections consolidation, ensuring fairness.
- Preserve records to substantiate statutory compliance.
I) CONCLUSION & COMMENTS
The Supreme Court reinstated the acquisition process, emphasizing a balance between procedural compliance and public interest. The decision highlights the importance of substantial over procedural compliance, reiterating that mere technical defects cannot invalidate state action without demonstrable prejudice.
J) REFERENCES
a. Important Cases Referred:
- Talson Real Estate (P) Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra, (2007) 13 SCC 186.
- Savitri Devi v. State of U.P., (2015) 7 SCC 21.
- Tej Kaur v. State of Punjab, (2003) 4 SCC 485.
- Aflatoon v. Lt. Governor of Delhi, (1975) 4 SCC 285.
b. Important Statutes Referred:
- Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
- Evidence Act, 1872.