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The doctrines of horizontal and vertical application of rights delineate the scope and enforcement of fundamental rights within a legal system. In India, these doctrines

Non-derogable rights are fundamental human rights that cannot be suspended or limited, even during emergencies. These rights are essential to human dignity and are protected

The Doctrine of Essential Features, commonly known as the Basic Structure Doctrine, is a pivotal principle in Indian constitutional law. It asserts that certain fundamental